References

Reference Map

Direct literature sources, ECN context, and geometry sources used by the public tool. Project heuristics are listed separately so the boundary stays explicit.

Authorized by Jongjin Chung, Joonsik Hwang (KAIST)

Primary Literature

Zeng et al., 2012

Multi-hole flash-boiling morphology, pressure-ratio regime split, plume-width correlation, and normalized plume distance.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.048

Bachanek et al., 2025

HOCA and global spray-angle correlation under flash-boiling conditions.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.126282

Hwang et al., 2020, Fuel 280, 118359

Spray G plume dynamics, multi-fuel plume-wise interpretation, and tomography-based angle discussion.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118359

Open-access repository

Guo et al., 2017

Separates near-field collapse at elevated ambient pressure from far-field collapse under flash-boiling conditions.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.071

ECN Context

ECN Spray G operating condition

Used for the default G2-like condition shown in the public demo.

Open link

ECN Mesh and Geometry

Reference context for nominal Spray G geometry and nozzle specification.

Open link

ECN Gasoline Jet Penetration

Diagnostic context for gasoline spray interpretation and public benchmark alignment. The ECN page recommends processing the width of the entire vaporized spray at z = 15 mm.

Open link

Development-Window Rationale

Open-access Spray G manuscript (IC8/E00)

Explains that plume vapor cone angle was measured at z = 8.5 mm to avoid distortion from the transient spray-head, or leading-head vortex, region.

Open-access manuscript

ECN Gasoline Jet Penetration guidance

Uses z = 15 mm as a downstream location for processing the width of the entire vaporized spray.

Open link

Guo et al., 2017

Supports distinguishing near-field and far-field collapse behavior, which is why the public predictor avoids deciding collapse from the earliest near-nozzle appearance alone.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.071

Fuel Property Sources

NIST Chemistry WebBook

Antoine constants for methanol, iso-octane, n-pentane, and n-undecane.

Open link

E00 surrogate context

The gasoline branch in the tool uses the ECN E00 3-component surrogate, not commercial gasoline.

Open-access manuscript

Geometry Sources

ECN Spray G preset

The public demo uses a nominal 8-hole ring geometry with 0.165 mm hole diameter and 1.53 mm pitch-circle diameter.

Project Heuristic Parts

  • STL sharp-edge opening extraction is a project geometry heuristic, not a standardized CAD feature-recognition method.
  • Non-flash still depends on a user baseline plume angle.
  • Flare display keeps a continuity branch for visualization while relying on a global-angle proxy for interpretation.
  • Collapsing probability is a project predictor score, not a calibrated reliability estimate.